Basic Differences of APA and MLA Formats

Citing your paper in Modern Language Association (MLA) or American Psychological Association (APA) formats depend mostly on the subject you are writing on. Mainly, APA style citations are used to cite writings that have a social science focus: Psychology, Business, the Social Sciences, Economics, Medicine, and Criminal Justice and Law. On the other hand, MLA style citations are used to cite writings that have humanities focus: Literature, Mass Communications, Media Studies, etc.

Basic APA/MLA Differences

1. A paper written in MLA format has the author's name and page number displayed in the top right corner of each page. In APA format, the first few words, usually the first three, of the title with the page number runs on the top, right corner of each page.

Basic Differences of APA and MLA Formats

2. In a MLA formatted paper, the author's name, both first and last name, is spelled out on the bibliography page. In APA, only the last name of the author is spelled out while the first name is an initial.

3. The in-text citation is slightly different. In MLA, the last name of the author and the page number from which the reference was taken is displayed. In APA, the last name and the year of publication are displayed (separated by a comma).

4. The title in MLA and APA style formats has differences in its capitalization. In APA, only the first word of the title is capitalized and in italics. In MLA, all the major words of the title are capitalized.

5. In an MLA formatted paper, there is no abstract required. APA formatted papers does require an abstract.

6. The source page that list the bibliography information is called "Works Cited" in MLA and "References" in APA format. The source page should be the last page of the paper. "Works Cited" and "References" must be centered in both formats.

The differences between MLA and APA citation formats are minor. But writing in either format will ensure that papers are properly cited and the author's chances of plagiarizing are reduced. There are several websites available, via the popular search engines, which give detailed requirements for both APA and MLA style formats.

Over the years, many changes have been made to both formats. When searching for format samples, you must be aware of outdated versions. I have found that by looking for the "Last Updated" dates on web pages, you can reduce your chances of following a version that has been outdated for several years.

Basic Differences of APA and MLA Formats
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Escapism & Distraction As a Social Control During the Roman Empire

Escapism and distraction are social controls that can be employed by a governing body to hide inadequacies or divert attention from themes that can cause malcontent among the populace. It is important to distinguish between the two; distraction refers to anything that can take the attention of the populace away from the inadequacies of the government where as escapism refers to specifically removing the minds of the individuals from the situation that they are in, in order to escape anything that brings discontent to their lives.

Distraction

Distraction was a tool that could be used by Emperors both to divert attention from current objectionable events. Impending risk of warfare increased anxiety within Roman society, the development of gladiatorial spectacle could both demonstrate the continuing competence of the governing body of Rome, even during a crisis (Futrell 2006). Not only could the gladiatorial spectacle distract the citizens from contemporary issues but it could also "erase public memories of political blunders" in the past (Shelton 1998, p333).

Escapism & Distraction As a Social Control During the Roman Empire

Distraction from warfare was an obvious connection, however distraction could also be used to keep "the populace amused and out of mischief" (Lewis and Reinhold, 1990, p142). Auguet (1994, p185) further added weight to this view by describing gladiatorial spectacle as "a first rate means of keeping people amused". Grant (1967, p104) also agreed with this concept exclaiming that Emperors expressed the wish that the "potentially unruly and dangerous city population" be "amused", also adding the idea that this would and keep them "quiet".

As stated earlier (see Literature Review) the first reported date of the gladiatorial spectacle was in 264 BCE and at the time of the First Punic War. The second recorded date of the gladiatorial spectacle was not until 216 BCE again coinciding with a year of war in which the battle of Cannae took place (Shadrake 2005). This leaves a gap of almost 50 years in which there is no record of any gladiatorial spectacle having taken place in the Roman Empire. It seems too much of a coincidence that these two sets of gladiatorial spectacle positioned almost 50 years apart, just happened to fall on times of conflict. A more likely explanation is that these gladiatorial spectacles were put on to distract the people from the turmoil of war. Another explanation is that there were gladiatorial spectacles that fell within this 50 year gap, but they were not particularly noteworthy, and greater publicity was generated for these two recorded games again for the purpose of distraction of the masses.

Escapism

Escapism could well be the biggest factor in social control that gladiatorial spectacles had over its audience. In contemporary society there are a number of escapisms that are available even to those who do not have a large disposable income. Some of the most popular escapisms in modern society such as television, the internet, film, and computer games were not accessible to the Romans. Granted they had food, literature and recreational games, but none of these can draw comparison with the hold that television and the internet has on society today. This is where the gladiatorial spectacles came into play; they provided the audience with a complete distraction from their mundane day to day lives. The comradery of sitting amongst their peers, the historical stories that some of the spectacles told, and the opportunity to wrap oneself up in the glory of Rome, provided the ideal escape from issues of war, disease, political unrest that may have otherwise had a more detrimental affect on the psychology of the population.

Kyle (2007, p301) stated that attendees of gladiatorial spectacles, utilised them to "escape their deplorable living conditions". Shelton (1998, p334) further elaborates declaring that political figures hoped that these diversions would "take people's minds off problems like unemployment and food shortages". According to Shelton (1998, p349) viewing the gladiatorial spectacles would allow "people who themselves felt powerless and brutalised" to find "some satisfaction in watching the infliction of pain on others".

Escapism & Distraction As a Social Control During the Roman Empire
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The Role of Poseidon In Ancient Greece

Poseidon is one of the more famous of the deities of ancient Greece. Here is an overview of who he was, what he did and his position the Pantheon.

The Role of Poseidon In Ancient Greece

The many gods and goddesses of the ancient Greek culture played important roles in every Greek's life. From the family hearth, to the life-giving sun, to the water they bathed in, Greek gods were seen to govern all aspects of daily life. While some regions of the Greek realm were actual cults, which meant they worshiped one god or goddess above all others; others prayed to specific figures at different points in the year or for different strengths. If a mariner was about to go to sea, it is pretty certain that he would have prayed to Poseidon.

The Role of Poseidon In Ancient Greece

While Poseidon's largest governance was the sea and ocean, he was also considered the god of horses, and the "Earth-Shaker", creator of earthquakes. In Mycenaean culture, Poseidon was seen as the most powerful of all the gods, even above Zeus - he was the most frequently written about god in the entire pantheon. At this point, he was associated with "Two Queens", Demeter and Persephone, although in later Hellenic Greece he was not at all related to these goddesses. He was also seen in this culture as the "Earth Father" with Demeter being the "Earth Mother".

Poseidon was also a major patron god of several large cities within Greece. In Athens, he was second in line only to Athena, and in Corinth he was the main god of the city. Apollo was a close associate god, and while Poseidon's realm was generally seen to be in the areas of the Earth and bodies of water, he also had another trait that was a bit more sinister. Poseidon was also blamed for causing mental disturbances, such as epilepsy. He shared this ability with both the god Dionysus, and the creatures known as the Maenads.

When sailors embarked on voyages, they prayed heavily to Poseidon. Occasionally, they would even sacrifice horses by drowning (as he was also known as the god of horses). It was said that when Poseidon was in his benevolent aspect, he created both calm seas and new islands. When the god was displeased or angered, however, he would cause earthquakes and shipwrecks by striking the ground with his trident. Poseidon was often pictured in a chariot being pulled by horses or sea horses, holding a trident, and associated with dolphins.

While Zeus was known as the originator god in later parts of Greek culture, Poseidon was the first "head god" of note. His later appearances as the duel god of water and earthquakes meant that he had the ability to affect many people at once, so he garnered many prayers, sacrifices and attention from all of Greece.

The Role of Poseidon In Ancient Greece
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Definiton of Middle Ages

The Middle Ages is a period in European history from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the height of the Renaissance in the late 15th century. However, there is no unique view among the historians about the start and much less about the end date of the Middle Ages.

All historians agree that the medieval times emerged on the ruins of the Western Roman Empire which came to an end in 476 when the last Western Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustulus was deposed by Germanic chieftain Odoacer. The event is traditionally viewed as the end of the classical antiquity and beginning of the Middle Ages although the deposition of Romulus Augustulus itself did not cause any significant changes at the time. For that reason all scholars do not consider the year 476 as the start date of the Middle Ages.

There are several alternative dates for the beginning of the medieval times:
year 313; issue of the Edict of Milan which proclaimed religious toleration and ended the persecution of Christians year 375; beginning of the Migration Period year 378; decisive defeat of the Roman army by the Visigoths in the Battle of Adrianople year 395; death of Roman Emperor Theodosius I and permanent division of the Roman Empire into the eastern and western halves year 410; Sack of Rome by Visigoths year 480; death of Julius Nepos, the last de jure Western Roman Emperor year 529; closure of the last pagan school in Athens year 647; Muslim conquest of North Africa

Definiton of Middle Ages

Historians also disagree about the end date of the Middle Ages. Some scholars see the end of the Middle Ages in spread of Renaissance in the mid-15th century, while the others consider Renaissance a part of the Middle Ages.

Like the beginning, the end of the medieval times has several alternative dates:
year 1445; invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg year 1453; Fall of Constantinople and the end of the Hundred Years' War year 1492; discovery of America by Christopher Columbus and the end of Reconquista year 1494; invasion of Charles VIII of France in Italy and beginning of the Italian Wars year 1517; beginning of the Protestant Reformation year 1571; decisive defeat of the Ottomans by the fleet of the Holy League in the Battle of Lepanto

Definiton of Middle Ages
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The period of the Middle Ages [http://www.medievaltimes.info] lasted for approximately one millennium during which Europe went through major political, economic, social and cultural changes which were primarily influenced by the fall of the Western Roman Empire [http://www.medievaltimes.info/about-middle-ages/fall-of-rome.html] and the emergence of numerous kingdoms which competed with each other for supremacy.

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