Sunday, June 9, 2013

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Wednesday, March 6, 2013

5 Most Influential Persons in World History

Human civilization is dynamic and growing. Throughout the history of human civilization development, there are many things that happened and a lot of people involved as prominent figures in world history. There are some important and influential figures in human civilization and had a great influence in history and also until the present time.

1. Prophet Muhammad
Prophet Muhammad is the last prophet in the Islamic religion. Mohammed is the son of Abdullah Ibnu Manaf who is descendants of Hashim. He was born in this place of Mecca and he also spread the Islamic religion. As one of the messenger god, Muhammad brought down to earth Teachings and commands to worship the one god.

Prophet Muhammad, he sent a prophet by God at the age of 40 years. God revealed to him the Koran is the mankind and the jinn are not able to match it. He named him as the killer of the Prophets and praised him for the glory of conduct to use Ruqyah. Rasulluloh is the most perfect human being and the prince of the previous Prophets among the Prophets who had the position that honesty and trust to keep the main foundations of life. Prophet Muhammad dies at the age of 63 years after the struggle against the infidels and spread the religion of Islam.

5 Most Influential Persons in World History

2. Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton was a physicist, Mathematician, astronomer and chemist who also comes from a big British scientist. He is all history is known by various findings. Newton is also a follower of God who is very obedient. He believes that bringing people to a deeper knowledge of God, the Creator of this universe.

Newton is one of the great Greek scientists who argue that the method of experiment in science is the scientific because the ideas in the field of science must be tested and only accepted if its usefulness can be proven. Newton managed to spark a few ideas that are important for human civilization to the present, for example law of gravity, the binomial theory dab some other theory in mathematics and natural sciences.

3. Prophet Isa
History and all things related to the Prophet Jesus was a vague thing until now. This is because there are different versions of each story that claimed by the two major religions in the world. According to the version of Christian Believers, the Prophet Jesus, or who is known as Isa al-Masih the son of God who descended to earth to be a Savior for all mankind. Then Jesus died on the cross to atone for his people and then he climbed ropes.

Meanwhile, the race version of Islam, the Prophet Jesus is one of the Prophets in Islam the religion of the Children of Israel to spread the doctrine of the Oneness of God and the avoidance of error. Prophet Isa was born of Siti Maryam the virgin as a reward for obedience to the God Almighty. Narrated in this version of Jesus not die from crucifixion by those who disbelieve, but he was rescued and raised by a god.

4. Buddhist
Buddha or Siddhartha Gautama known as the first is a prince of the kingdom of Bhutan. Buddha is known as spreading Buddhist Teachings. From toddlers during Siddhartha has predicted the world would be a king who would lead the king of kings, and also there will be a great preacher (Buddha). After growing up was the prince decided to leave the palace and do wanderings, finding the meaning of life is for the safety of all mankind.

Various Buddhist Teachings documented in the form of oral and written which contains all the commands and prohibitions in the Buddhist religion. In Buddhist belief, Siddhartha said that the true way to know the Buddha is the perfect way to reach enlightenment. Four important Teachings of Buddhist spread is suffering, suffering the top, and the end result of suffering and how to overcome suffering.

5. Kong Hu-Cu
Kong Hu-Cu a great philosopher was the first Chinese developer to integrate a system of mind and confidence in Chinese people most basic. Kong Hu-Cu provides teaching individuals about the Morality and conception of a government about ways to serve the people and the command. It then became an idea embraced by the citizens of China until now.

Hu-Cu Kong often regarded as a propagator of religion, but this view is wrong. Since he is well known as secular philosophers who only teach about moral issues and politics. Two important doctrine taught by Kong Hu-Cu is love or the relationship between individuals to one another. And the second is the teaching of manners, religious and moral Teachings in the future is known as Confucianism.

Some of the above is a figure of major influence in human civilization. In addition to these figures are still many others who have a major role in world history.

5 Most Influential Persons in World History
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Tuesday, February 26, 2013

Life of Women in the Victorian Era

The Victorian era was a period of wide extremes - characterized by industrial reforms, cultural transformations, scientific progress, gracious living and grinding poverty and wars. The Victorian era lasted from 1837 to 1901, when Queen Victoria reigned, although many historians believe that the Reform act of 1832 signifies the inception of the Victorian era.

The life of women in Victorian era was generally centered on family commitments. Women were seen as temples of love and purity- and so, could not be used for physical exertion or pleasurable sex. The only role of women in the Victorian era was to get married and look after the homely chores. The young ladies were groomed thoroughly to get married and had to be innocent, virtuous, biddable, and dutiful. The young women were mainly educated in accomplishments like French, drawing, painting, singing, dancing - everything which helped them to get a perfect suitor!

Few women stayed back in the bed, past the daybreak. They ran the house, made meals for their husbands and children, made clothes for everyone, and grew everything that the family ate. The women were also supposed to take care of someone who was sick. Moreover, mental illness and alcoholism also added to women's burdens. The women were also responsible for sewing, knitting and painting the clothes. The gentlewomen made sure that the home was a place of solace and comfort for the husband and children, free from all the hassles or burdens of outside work. They were supposed to be the sunbeam in the house by making others happy.

Life of Women in the Victorian Era

The woman of the "high or elite class" enjoyed all the amenities and favors that one could think of. Dancing was a preferred pastime among most of the upper-class women and men. The unmarried women generally spend a great deal of time chatting with their friends. The high class women did very little or almost no home chores. The ladies did not do things themselves but told others what to do. They were just supposed to marry and raise children!

The women of lower class worked in the factories, garment industries, laundries or various other jobs to support themselves. Another employment for "Lower" working class women was the domestic service. It was a tough job as the domestic servants were supposed to work seven days a week and twelve hours a day! A large percentage of women also worked as nurses in hospitals and were employed in offices during the later part of the century. Some women also entered into professions such as medicine, law, and journalism. However, this revolution took place mostly in the later part of the twentieth century.

Well, above is the description of the life of a Victorian woman. Unlike the women of today, they were not given freedom to choose their life- they had no choice but to accept whatever was placed before them!

Life of Women in the Victorian Era
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Wednesday, February 20, 2013

Hamlet - A Brief Synopsis - Shakespeare

Horatio and other guards witness the ghost of their recently deceased king. Horatio quickly reports the viewing to the king's only son, Hamlet. Hamlet decides to attempt to communicate with the ghost, and, against friendly advice, follows the ghost when beckoned. The ghost of the king reveals to Hamlet the secrets of a well planned murder, one already committed, the murder of the king. Hamlet is infuriated, and is convinced to attempt revenge.

Polonius, father of Laertes and Ophelia, Hamlet's only love, is an advisor to the new king. Hamlet begins to act strangely, and when Ophelia tells Polonius of Hamlet's new personality, Polonius decides to investigate with consent of the king. The king also summons two of Hamlet's friends from college, Rosencratz and Guildenstern. The pair is convinced by the current king to spy on Hamlet and attempt to discover the reason behind his awkward actions. Hamlet, with help from traveling players, writes a play identical to the murder plot, to be played for the murderer and those surrounding him.

The king and his trio of curious followers continue to intently spy on Hamlet, particularly when he is with Ophelia. The play, "The Mousetrap," is acted out in front of the king. When he notices the similarity of the plot of the play to his murder, he storms out of the room. The queen, Gertrude, former wife of the murdered, current wife of the murderer, agrees to send for Hamlet with the goal of making him open up about his feelings while Polonius hides in the room. Hamlet, before going to his mother's room, goes to the king's quarters with plans to murder him, but decides to wait because the king is praying. He reports to the queen's room, discovers the eavesdropper, and, thinking it is the king, stabs and murders Polonius. Hamlet, unsuccessfully, tries to convince his mother that the current king is mad.

Hamlet - A Brief Synopsis - Shakespeare

The king orders Rosencratz and Guildenstern to take Hamlet to England with a letter requesting that the English monarchy put him to death. Hamlet discovers the letter, writes one that would put his escorts to death, and escapes. He returns to his homeland and stumbles upon the funeral of Ophelia, who apparently committed suicide when she learned of her father's death. When the king and Laertes, intent on avenging the death of his father and sister, learn of Hamlet's return, they plot to kill him in a duel with various means of poison.

Laertes and Hamlet have a short fight in the uncovered grave of Ophelia, before the burial, and agree on a duel, to simply test the skill of the two. One of the attempts to kill Hamlet, a poisoned drink, kills Gertrude when she makes a toast using that cup, killing herself. In the duel, Laertes uses a sword with a poisoned tip. He manages to stab Hamlet. Before Hamlet dies, he is able to gain control of Laertes sword and stab him with it. Hamlet then wounds the king with the sword and forces him to finish the poisoned drink. Hamlet tells Fortinbras, a traveling prince, that he will be the next king of Denmark. Hamlet dies.

Hamlet - A Brief Synopsis - Shakespeare
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Thursday, February 7, 2013

Themes in Literature - Some Common Themes That Keep Coming!

However the story differs and the characters change, but the basic themes remain the same in literature that keep coming over and again. Here are some of the themes in English literature which are evergreen.

So, first of all you would ask a question what themes are all about in literature. A theme represents the basic idea of a piece of literature. While reading themes in literature, you may identify yourself through the story, characters, plot, climax, etc. Since all have diverse ways to look at the same thing, interpretations of the themes in literature may vary from person to person.

Since a long time, almost all sorts of themes have been dealt with in English literature and therefore, it is almost impossible to find a theme that has remained untouched by poets and writers of different eras. Themes in literature offer the individual important life lessons that motivate him to become a better human being.

Themes in Literature - Some Common Themes That Keep Coming!

Here are some of the basic themes in literature which have been employed by poets and authors time and again:

Love Conquers All:

From the ages, the theme of love is at the center in literature. Love is presented as something that one cannot do without and therefore, he or she does not even hesitate to die for. Whatever happens throughout the piece of literature, at the end, lover conquers all and the normalcy is restored.

Blood Relationship:

Family is the backbone of the relationships and therefore, it is one of the most common themes in literature. If you read Jane Austen, family and domesticity is at the center and it keeps coming in all sorts of modern literature.

Human Struggle:

Human struggles are inevitable part of literature which could be against the society, or even against oneself. Human being is often shown as someone who is always struggling against something or another.

Honesty is the Best Policy:

It is one of the most commonly occurring themes in literature. In most books, it is shown that it is the good which triumphs over the evil. Virtue or honesty is always rewarded.

Inevitability of Death:

Most literature show the fact that death is inevitable. The author represents different stages of life that consist of grief, struggle and survival that inevitably lead towards death.

These are some of the different common themes you may find keep coming in literature. Many books, poetry, novels, fiction or nonfiction that are written these days revolve around them. Some of the other perpetual themes in literature are birth & death, freedom, alienation, violence, cruelty, nature, joy, materialism etc.

Themes in Literature - Some Common Themes That Keep Coming!
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Thursday, January 31, 2013

Basic Differences of APA and MLA Formats

Citing your paper in Modern Language Association (MLA) or American Psychological Association (APA) formats depend mostly on the subject you are writing on. Mainly, APA style citations are used to cite writings that have a social science focus: Psychology, Business, the Social Sciences, Economics, Medicine, and Criminal Justice and Law. On the other hand, MLA style citations are used to cite writings that have humanities focus: Literature, Mass Communications, Media Studies, etc.

Basic APA/MLA Differences

1. A paper written in MLA format has the author's name and page number displayed in the top right corner of each page. In APA format, the first few words, usually the first three, of the title with the page number runs on the top, right corner of each page.

Basic Differences of APA and MLA Formats

2. In a MLA formatted paper, the author's name, both first and last name, is spelled out on the bibliography page. In APA, only the last name of the author is spelled out while the first name is an initial.

3. The in-text citation is slightly different. In MLA, the last name of the author and the page number from which the reference was taken is displayed. In APA, the last name and the year of publication are displayed (separated by a comma).

4. The title in MLA and APA style formats has differences in its capitalization. In APA, only the first word of the title is capitalized and in italics. In MLA, all the major words of the title are capitalized.

5. In an MLA formatted paper, there is no abstract required. APA formatted papers does require an abstract.

6. The source page that list the bibliography information is called "Works Cited" in MLA and "References" in APA format. The source page should be the last page of the paper. "Works Cited" and "References" must be centered in both formats.

The differences between MLA and APA citation formats are minor. But writing in either format will ensure that papers are properly cited and the author's chances of plagiarizing are reduced. There are several websites available, via the popular search engines, which give detailed requirements for both APA and MLA style formats.

Over the years, many changes have been made to both formats. When searching for format samples, you must be aware of outdated versions. I have found that by looking for the "Last Updated" dates on web pages, you can reduce your chances of following a version that has been outdated for several years.

Basic Differences of APA and MLA Formats
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Sunday, January 27, 2013

Escapism & Distraction As a Social Control During the Roman Empire

Escapism and distraction are social controls that can be employed by a governing body to hide inadequacies or divert attention from themes that can cause malcontent among the populace. It is important to distinguish between the two; distraction refers to anything that can take the attention of the populace away from the inadequacies of the government where as escapism refers to specifically removing the minds of the individuals from the situation that they are in, in order to escape anything that brings discontent to their lives.

Distraction

Distraction was a tool that could be used by Emperors both to divert attention from current objectionable events. Impending risk of warfare increased anxiety within Roman society, the development of gladiatorial spectacle could both demonstrate the continuing competence of the governing body of Rome, even during a crisis (Futrell 2006). Not only could the gladiatorial spectacle distract the citizens from contemporary issues but it could also "erase public memories of political blunders" in the past (Shelton 1998, p333).

Escapism & Distraction As a Social Control During the Roman Empire

Distraction from warfare was an obvious connection, however distraction could also be used to keep "the populace amused and out of mischief" (Lewis and Reinhold, 1990, p142). Auguet (1994, p185) further added weight to this view by describing gladiatorial spectacle as "a first rate means of keeping people amused". Grant (1967, p104) also agreed with this concept exclaiming that Emperors expressed the wish that the "potentially unruly and dangerous city population" be "amused", also adding the idea that this would and keep them "quiet".

As stated earlier (see Literature Review) the first reported date of the gladiatorial spectacle was in 264 BCE and at the time of the First Punic War. The second recorded date of the gladiatorial spectacle was not until 216 BCE again coinciding with a year of war in which the battle of Cannae took place (Shadrake 2005). This leaves a gap of almost 50 years in which there is no record of any gladiatorial spectacle having taken place in the Roman Empire. It seems too much of a coincidence that these two sets of gladiatorial spectacle positioned almost 50 years apart, just happened to fall on times of conflict. A more likely explanation is that these gladiatorial spectacles were put on to distract the people from the turmoil of war. Another explanation is that there were gladiatorial spectacles that fell within this 50 year gap, but they were not particularly noteworthy, and greater publicity was generated for these two recorded games again for the purpose of distraction of the masses.

Escapism

Escapism could well be the biggest factor in social control that gladiatorial spectacles had over its audience. In contemporary society there are a number of escapisms that are available even to those who do not have a large disposable income. Some of the most popular escapisms in modern society such as television, the internet, film, and computer games were not accessible to the Romans. Granted they had food, literature and recreational games, but none of these can draw comparison with the hold that television and the internet has on society today. This is where the gladiatorial spectacles came into play; they provided the audience with a complete distraction from their mundane day to day lives. The comradery of sitting amongst their peers, the historical stories that some of the spectacles told, and the opportunity to wrap oneself up in the glory of Rome, provided the ideal escape from issues of war, disease, political unrest that may have otherwise had a more detrimental affect on the psychology of the population.

Kyle (2007, p301) stated that attendees of gladiatorial spectacles, utilised them to "escape their deplorable living conditions". Shelton (1998, p334) further elaborates declaring that political figures hoped that these diversions would "take people's minds off problems like unemployment and food shortages". According to Shelton (1998, p349) viewing the gladiatorial spectacles would allow "people who themselves felt powerless and brutalised" to find "some satisfaction in watching the infliction of pain on others".

Escapism & Distraction As a Social Control During the Roman Empire
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