Hispanic Culture In America

1st Generation Hispanics are closely in tune with their culture. Whether they are from Mexico or El Salvador, they live in the U.S. but their hearts and their minds are still back home in their native country. That is why in America there are so many languages being spoken. There is also more and more exposure to flags of other countries.

The reason behind this is the First Generation mindset of not letting go of the inner culture. A first Generation Hispanic will talk openly about where they came from and how they like to visit their native land from time to time. Once they settle, 1st Generation Hispanics will settle for life and live in the same home or city for the rest of their lives.

Humanities

A 3rd Generation Hispanic will not be as in tune with their parents or grandparents native country. The reason is because the more assimilated they are in American culture, the more they embrace it. When Hispanics embrace and live within a certain culture, they shy away from their native culture. They may still want to be a part of Hispanic functions but they will not speak the native language, they will speak English because that is the way they learn and think in the U.S. public school system.

Hispanic Culture In America

The Hispanic Culture is still appealing to Third Generation Hispanics but not as much as 1st and 2nd. Third Generation Hispanics are living in better upscale residential areas then the way they were raised. 3rd Generation Hispanics will move often and change jobs, even if it means moving far away from parents and immediate family.

Hispanic Culture In America

Read about Hispanic Generations at http://www.hispanicgenerations.com

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Acropolis - The Contest Between Athena and Poseidon

Despite the close connection between the goddess and the city, it was believed that Athena had once been forced to compete to win her pre-eminent position. In the time of the first king, Kekrops, the god Poseidon, discontented with his dominion over the seas, and jealous of the authority his brother Zeus exercised over the land, was determined to extend his own influence. One day he appeared on the Acropolis to demonstrate his power and usefulness to the citizens. In the presence of the king and people, he struck a great blow with his trident on the rock, and a saltwater spring gushed out. At that point, the goddess Athena appeared and caused an olive tree to emerge out of the ground. As it grew to maturity and fruitfulness in front of their eyes, she explained the many ways in which its fruit could be useful to them. Kekrops and his people were so impressed that they pledged their loyalty to Athena.

Angry and humiliated, Poseidon challenged Athena to single combat, but Zeus intervened to keep the peace, appointing the gods as arbiters. All the gods supported Poseidon, while the goddesses each voted for Athena. As their president, Zeus was obliged to remain neutral, leaving the goddesses with a majority of one; and so the city was awarded to Athena.

Humanities

The resentful sea-god caused a disastrous flood on the plain, and in order to conciliate him, the men of Athens decided no longer to be known by their mothers' names, as had been the custom in the past, but to use their fathers' names instead. They also deprived the women of all their civic rights: even of the right to call themselves Athenians.

Acropolis - The Contest Between Athena and Poseidon

The print of Poseidon's trident on the rock was shown to visitors down to Roman times. The source of the salt water lay within the Erechtheion. Pausanias described it as a deep well, and claimed that when the south wind blew, the waves of the sea could be heard from inside. The olive-tree planted by Athena was exhibited in the Pandrosion, just to the west of the Erechtheion, down to the second century AD. Although apparently destroyed when it was burned by the Persians in 480 BC, on the return of the Athenians it put out new shoots.

Behind these stories seems to lie the memory of a deliberate choices which the Athenians made at some date in their past, to give precedence to the cultivation of the olive tree over sea-faring, and to recognize males as possessing superior status over females.

Acropolis - The Contest Between Athena and Poseidon

Learn more about Ancient Greece, Athens and Greece in general.

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MLA Format

MLA format is the research paper structure of the Modern Language Association. The Modern Language Association is the major scholarly organization in the United States. The MLA format was designed for students of art history, English, cultural studies, cinematic studies, comparative literature, history, and other liberal arts and humanities studies. MLA style consists of in-text parenthetical citations followed by Works Cited/Bibliography reference pages to conclude research papers. The MLA style has guidelines on everything from the header to the footer of any given essay, article or research paper. Due to technological advancement, the Modern Language Association has expanded its citation formatting to include website, web page, and blog posts citations.

Benefits of MLA Format

Humanities

One of the benefits of MLA format is that the format makes it easy for anyone to cite sources in papers or reference sources in other work. MLA shies away from complex citations, which is why the format itself is "the format of the people." You can even format letters in a loose, MLA style. The Modern Language Association format has become more than a format for academics, but also a format for life. Virtually any activity that involves writing can utilize MLA style. Another benefit of the Modern Language Association format is that it prevents students from having to spend minutes at a time checking footnotes to make sure that they are correct. Students of the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) and Turabian formats, by default, must employ footnotes in their papers; conversely, MLA students do not. Parenthetical citation involves the use of parentheses to bracket off an in-text citation [(Ex: Michaels, 89)], and can remove the need for footnotes/endnotes at the bottom of a page of research text.

MLA Format

Next, MLA format has expanded to incorporate the World Wide Web as a medium of legitimate research. For years, it was said that sites like Wikipedia or Internet reads such as blog posts could not be deemed academic research. Now, the Modern Language Association has made it easy for Internet sources to be as academically valid as printed sources. The virtual world is changing our idea of reality to include the virtual as part of the real.

MLA format is designed to help students of language, literature, and humanities classes structure and design their research papers properly. Having a set standard helps students to know exactly what their professor demands as well as the demands of academic research. It pays to learn this format, for you never know the occasion on which you will have to utilize it.

MLA Format

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Ways to Get Taller

There are many ways to get taller. They include, stretching exercises, supplements, Human growth hormones, limb Lengthening and human growth hormone stimulators.

Stretching Exercises:

Humanities

Certain stretching exercises will help you to increase your height. If these particular exercises are done correctly they can add up to 3 inches to your height. Research has shown that yoga style exercises work best because they tone, strengthen and develop muscles that support the spine which results in the height increase.

Ways to Get Taller

When these muscles have been developed it will in turn lengthen the spine. If the exercises are carried out correctly it will result in the cartilage that supports the arms, legs and the spine hardening, which in turn will lengthen your body.

The advantages of these exercises mean that you will grow at least 3 inches taller, however the disadvantages are that the exercises will take 15 - 20 minutes.

Supplements:

Just as exercise is important, so is the correct supplements. There are certain supplement you can buy that contain essential ingredients that stimulate growth. Supplement such as Growth Enhancer Plus contain these vital ingredients. These ingredients include glucosamine, amino acids and multi-vitamins.

Human Growth Hormone:

This is a quit expensive medication, however it is scientifically proven to to work in making you taller. The advantages of it is that you can grow up to 5 inches taller with it, but the disadvantages is that it is very expensive, it involves getting injections and it is only effective if your growth plate are still open.

Limb Lengthening:

This is a drastic measure to take in your bid to increase your height. It is a surgical, procedure involving internal or external rods being place inside the limbs. The rods need to be adjusted from time to time. The disadvantage of this is that it take a lot of time to work and also a lot of time to heal. On average about 1mm of height can be added to a person each day which equates to 1 inch per month. It is a very expensive procedure that can be quite painful and does result in long hospital stays. Infection is also possible with this procedure due to it being a surgical one.

This procedure can help you to grow a massive 12 inches with most of the height been given to the legs.

Human Growth Hormone Stimulation:

This is quit a safe procedure involving taking a liquid form of human growth hormone stimulator. It works by stimulating the body's pitutary gland to produce human growth hormone more effectively. It does take time to work however but the only side effect you will experience is beneficial to you. The side effects involve increased metabolism and decrease fat deposits being made.

The only negative part of this treatment is that it only works on people age 28 or under.

Ways to Get Taller

However if you would like to get your hands on an amazing product that doesn't involve taking any expensive medications or undertaking any drastic surgical procedures then you need to visit: Ways To Get Taller!

If you click the above link you will gain access to an amazing product as well as gaining access to instruction to stretches that will help you get taller. Take a take a look to see for yourself!

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Why is the Number 13 Lucky to the Chinese?

The number 13 is considered unlucky for many in the West.

Not so for Chinese!

Humanities

Just like Westerners, Chinese do share a love of lucky numbers and other superstitious beliefs, although in quite a different manner.

Why is the Number 13 Lucky to the Chinese?

It is part of the Chinese culture. You'll be surprised to see how they are willing to part with tens or even hundreds of thousands of dollars, simply to obtain lucky telephone or car-plate numbers.

The telephone number 8888-8888 is said to have sold for nearly 0,000 in Chengdu, a southwest Chinese city. The Beijing Olympics 2008, on the other hand, opened on August 8, 2008 (08-08-08) at 8:08 p.m.

The obsession with numbers takes place not only in China, but also other cities like Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Do not try competing for numbers such as 8 in any of these cities. Chances are that you will be out-beaten, if your pocket is not deep enough!

Chinese like to link numbers to pronunciations of the associated words. They first see how a number is sounded, then associate it to words that share similar pronunciation and interpret the number from there.

The number 8 is tremendously popular, because it is pronounced close to the sound 'fa', which is how words like prosperity and fortune are pronounced in the language. As a result, when they see the number 8, they will associate it with prosperity and fortune.

For the same token, the number 9 is a lucky number. It can mean enough or arrive. The number 6 is popular as well, as it implies happy and smooth.

The number 7 is popular for some, as it sounds like the word 'complete'. In Mandarin, it can also mean wife. So 517 can mean 'I want a wife'; as the number 5 sounds like 'I' and the number 1 sounds like 'want'. 514, on the other hand, would not be popular, as the number 4 sounds like the word 'death', and the number could imply 'I want to die'.

Not every number can be generalized. It depends on whether the person is interpreting it from Mandarin or one of the several Chinese dialects.

In addition to sound, numbers can also be interpreted from other angles.

For example, the number 18 is popular. This is because the number 1 -- when positioned in tens -- sounds like 'definite'. The number 18, which is pronounced as shiba in Mandarin, becomes 'definitely prosperous'. On the other hand, some may see 18 as '1 plus 8', which adds up to the lucky number 9. The number, therefore, is also in high demand.

Avoid the number 4 nevertheless. It is thought to be unlucky for many. This is because, as we mentioned earlier, it sounds like death in Mandarin and several dialects.

Why is the number 13 lucky then?

The digit 1 when positioned in tens sounds like the word 'definite' (shi) in Mandarin and dialects such as Cantonese; while the digit 3 sounds like life, living or birth.

As a result, the number 13, which is pronounced as shisan in Mandarin, can mean 'definitely vibrant' or 'assured growth'.

So how can 13 be an unlucky number?

Why is the Number 13 Lucky to the Chinese?

Tekson Teo, http://www.ChineseOnTheGo.com

Writer and speaker specializes in Chinese language and culture. He speaks broadcaster Mandarin and interprets Chinese philosophies like I Ching and Lao Tzu. Obtained his BSc Econ (Hon) from University of London and MBA and DIC from Imperial College London, he is also a much sought-after business consultant for Asia.

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The Fuhrerbunker

It was the last few days of the war, and Hitler knew it. Hitler also knew that he was losing the war. There in the Fuhrerbunker, he contemplated and schemed about ways of turning the war around. It was also in this place where he nursed a very overpowering paranoia. The longer he stayed in the Fuhrerbunker, the more intense the paranoia got.

The Fuhrerbunker is not your run-of-the-mill bunker. To call it a bunker would be a misnomer. It is a subterranean bunker with thick walls and support that was built to withstand air and ground attack. It was a very elaborate and well-built bomb shelter.

Humanities

The Fuhrerbunker was located below Hitler's New Reich Chancellery in Berlin, Germany. The chancellery was where the chancellor of Germany held office. The Fuhrerbunker, or what remains of it now, is located 50 feet below the surface. This is where Hitler actually held office and ruled during the last few days of the Third Reich.

The Fuhrerbunker

If you happen to be in Berlin, chances are you won't find this place. You won't find information about this place in travel guides and the likes. You won't see any signs that will lead you to it. You won't see a German flag to signify that the place used to be a very important government office. Organized tours will probably not include this in your tour of the city. If ever you find it, there won't be a lot of tourists there. You might not even know you're near the place.

The Fuhrerbunker is closed, and no one is allowed in. If you find out where it is, you can only walk over it and imagine what it looks like.

The Fuhrerbunker

Pollux Parker is an adventurer who loves discovering secret island getaways in each country he visits. Pollux also likes to collect German Flag and buy cheap German Flag.

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Role of a Teacher in Society

The role of a teacher in society is both significant and valuable.It has far-reaching influence on the society he lives in and no other personality can have an influence more profound than that of a teacher. Students are deeply affected by the teacher's love and affection, his character, his competence, and his moral commitment. A popular teacher becomes a model for his students. The students try to follow their teacher in his manners, costumes, etiquette, style of conversation and his get up. He is their ideal.

He can lead them anywhere. During their early education, the students tend to determine their aims in life and their future plans, in consultation with their teachers. Therefore, a good and visionary teacher can play a prominent role in making the future of his students while as a corrupt teacher can only harm his students much more seriously than a class of corrupt and perverted judiciary, army, police, bureaucracy, politicians or technocrats. A corrupt and incompetent teacher in not only a bad individual, but also an embodiment of a corrupt and incompetent generation. A nation with corrupt teachers is a nation at risk; every coming day announces the advent of its approaching destruction.

Humanities

The importance of a teacher as an architect of our future generations demands that only the best and the most intelligent and competent members of our intelligentsia be allowed to qualify for this noble profession. It is unfortunate to find that generally the worst and the most incapable people of the society find their way into this profession. Anyone who fails to find an opening in any other walk of life, gets into this profession and recklessly plays with the destiny of the nation. An important reason for this is understood to be the poor salaries of our primary and secondary teachers which are no better than that of clerks. A large number of our teachers is , therefore, frustrated and disinterested.

Role of a Teacher in Society

They have to go for part-time jobs to meet their basic needs. Again, the teaching profession also does not enjoy due respect in the society. The primary and secondary teachers are particularly at a disadvantage. Their status is lower than that of doctors, engineers, advocates, civil servants; even lower than that of semi literate and illiterate traders. It would therefore require great commitment for an intelligent individual, however fond of education and training he may be, to forsake the career of a doctor or engineer in favour of teaching. Therefore, while selecting good teachers, it must be borne in mind that better opportunities,prospects and perks are offered to the teachers.

When we speak of good teachers it means that a teacher must be a model of faith and piety and should have a fairly good knowledge . A teacher should consider it his duty to educate and train his students and should feel responsible for it. He should feel that his students have been entrusted to him and he should avoid any breach of the trust the society has reposed in him. He should be a sociable person with his roots in the society. People should take him as their well-wisher and a sincere friend who cares for their children. It should be ascertained at all cost that a candidate for this profession has a natural acumen and aptitude for teaching.

He should actively participate in the social activities in a positive way. He should know the art of teaching with a deep insight into child psychology. He should always deal with the students in a just manner. He should not lose his self-control on mistakes his students may commit, and instead he should respect their feelings and ego, and should try to understand and resolve their difficulties with grace while keeping his cool. He should be able to smile in the face of bitter criticism on his opinions, and should not feel ashamed or humiliated to accept his mistakes wholeheartedly.

He should be proud of his culture, his national dress and his national language.He should be a missionary, a mentor, a reformer and a guide besides being a dedicated tutor. In other words, he should be a perfect teacher and a perfect educationist.
While highlighting the role of a teacher in the society, it is imperative to involve the role of parents, too, in the process of character building of the students. In the past, parents and teachers both used to make the best of their efforts to provide an atmosphere to their children congenial to the development of higher virtues and morals. But the gross social change over the last fifty years, large scale urbanization, ruthless competition for financial gains, and heavy preoccupation in everyday life deplete all time and energy from the parents, leaving behind little time or energy for them to monitor their children.

Whatever time they have at their disposal is consumed by newspapers, television and other recreations. As a result, the younger generation hardly gets any opportunity to share ideas with their elders or to enter into a meaningful discussion. On the other hand, this idea is gaining ground among us that education is not meant to build up better human beings, but only to get better jobs. Consequently, the students' minds are obsessed with better jobs and dreams for higher social status.It is,therefore,duty of the parents, too, to take active interest in the day-to-day progress of their children both in and outside the institution and apprise them of the real meaning of education.

Role of a Teacher in Society

(Dr.S.K.Raina,Formerly Fellow IIAS Shimla.(India) 2/537 Aravali Vihar,Alwar 301001.Mobile: 09414216124)

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English Literature: Alexander Pope - The Rape of the Lock

In 'The Rape of the Lock' Alexander Pope (1688-1744) employs a mock-epic style to satirise the 'beau-monde' (fashionable world, society of the elite) of eighteenth century England. The richness of the poem, however, reveals more than a straightforward satirical attack. Alongside the criticism we can detect Pope's fascination with, and perhaps admiration for, Belinda and the society in which she moves. Pope himself was not part of the 'beau-monde'. He knew the families on which the poem is based but his own parents, though probably comfortably off, were not so rich or of the class one would have to be in to move in Belinda's circle. He associated with learned men and poets, and there can have been little common ground between the company he kept at Will's Coffee House and those who frequented Hampton Court.

The incident at the centre of the poem is the Baron's theft of a lock of hair and the ensuing estrangement of two families. The opening lines of the poem introduce the reader to the satirical stance he is taking towards the society portrayed in the poem.

Humanities

What dire Offence from am'rous Causes springs,

English Literature: Alexander Pope - The Rape of the Lock

What mighty Contests rise from trivial Things, [I.1-2]

Pope suggests that they are taking a trivial incident too seriously, displaying an exaggerated sense of their own importance. Throughout the poem Pope continues to make this point through his use of the mock-epic style, which itself takes a trivial incident too seriously, and uses disproportionately grand language to describe an unworthy subject.

Belinda is belittled early in the poem by the revelation of Ariel [l.27-114], who tells her that part of her will survive after her death.

Think not, when Woman's transient Breath is fled,

That all her Vanities at once are dead:

Succeeding Vanities she still regards,

And tho' she plays no more, o'erloks the Cards.

Her Joy in gilded Chariots, when alive,

And Love of Ombre, after Death survive.

For when the Fair in all their Pride expire,

To their first Elements their Souls retire: [l.51-9]

We might expect this part, the deepest and most essential part of her being, the 'first Elements', to be her soul, but in Belinda's case it is her 'Vanities', her 'Joy in gilded Chariots' and her 'Love of Ombre', suggesting that her soul consists of nothing more that vanity and a love of pleasure.

Belinda's vanity is seem to take the form of religious devotion in the passage describing her morning toilette.

And now, unveil'd, the Toilet stands display'd,

Each Silver Vase in mystic Order laid.

First, rob'd in White, the Nymph intent adores

With Head uncover'd, the Cosmetic Pow'rs.

A heav'nly Image in the Glass appears,

To that she bends, to that her Eyes she rears; [l.121-6]

The ironic transposition of 'cosmic powers' in 'Cosmetic Pow'rs' indicates the excessive value she attributes to her make-up, and bowing to her own image shows her devotion to her religion of narcissism. The passage is a mock version of the arming of the epic hero, her weaponry of cosmetics being ridiculed by the implicit comparison with the swords and shields of the epic hero. The passage includes a mock catalogue.

Here Files of Pins extend their shining Rows,

Puffs, Powders, Patches, Bibles, Billet-doux. [l.137-8]

This catalogue, echoing the catalogue of troops and weaponry found in epics, is one of the many indications of the jumbled values to be found in Belinda's society. The Bible is seen as a trinket for the adornment of her dressing table, along with the puffs and powders.

If we look for an explicit moral message in the poem we must look to Clarissa's speech [V.7-34], which Pope included specifically for that purpose. This is the most sober passage in the poem and it embodies Pope's message to the 'beau-monde', and in particular to the Fermor and Petre families. It is a plea for maturity and good sense, for virtue and care of the soul; all the things which the satire has shown to be lacking. By asking them to see their lives in a wider context he hopes to persuade them to adopt a more rational sense of proportion. By laughing at the mock-epic style they will have to admit that they are laughing at themselves, and Pope hopes this will inculcate a spirit of good humour and reconciliation.

Although not himself of the 'beau-monde' Pope was part of the same era. The finesse and delicacy of 'beau-monde' manners is matched by Pope's style, and the good humour, wit, and charm which characterises Pope's manner must represent an expression of the same ideals pursued by the Baron and other courtly men of the age. An affinity between them is revealed by Pope's empathy, fine judgements, and carefully aimed criticisms, and Pope must have been at least a little fascinated by the 'beau-monde' to apply his talents to this poem which, in an ironic way, celebrates Belinda and her world and, as Pope himself suggests in the final couplet of the poem, has preserved them for posterity.

This Lock, the Muse shall consecrate to Fame,

And mid'st the Stars inscribe Belinda's Name! [V.149-50]

Copyright Ian Mackean. The full version of this essay can be read at:

http://www.literature-study-online.com/essays/alexander-pope.html

English Literature: Alexander Pope - The Rape of the Lock

Ian Mackean runs the sites http://www.literature-study-online.com, which features a substantial collection of Resources and Essays, (and where his site on Short Story Writing can also be found,) and http://www.Booksmadeintomovies.com. He is the editor of The Essentials of Literature in English post-1914, ISBN 0340882689, which was published by Hodder Arnold in 2005. When not writing about literature or short story writing he is a keen amateur photographer, and has made a site of his photography at http://www.photo-zen.com

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Should We Believe the Experts? (Part I)

D. W. Griffith is regarded by many as one of the greatest filmmakers of all time. More than anyone of the silent era, he recognized the potential of movies as an expressive medium. During that time, his achievements were momentous. In 1915 he finished the feature “Birth of a Nation,” regarded as the first masterpiece of cinema. In 1919 he finished the movie “Intolerance” (1919), which marked a new standard in filmmaking. His next two movies, “Broken Blossoms” (1919) and “Way Down East” (1920), sealed his reputation as America’s preeminent director. According to James Agee, "To watch his work is like being a witness to the beginning of melody, or the first conscious use of the lever or the wheel; the emergence, coordination, and first eloquence of language; the birth of an art: and to realize that this is all the work of one man." The great silent movie actor Lillian Gish called him "the father of film" and Charlie Chaplin called him "the teacher of us all." During the same time, D. W. Griffith also exhibited superb business instincts by founding the United Artist production company together with Douglas Fairbanks, Charlie Chaplin, and Mary Pickford, the three greatest performers of the day.

However, from the mid to late 1920s things began to change. His intuitive powers started to wane. In 1924, at the age of 49, Griffith wrote in an article published by the Saturday Evening Post, “We do not want now and we shall never want the human voice with our films.” Only three years later, in 1927 the first talking movie, “The Jazz Singer” with Al Jolson was released. The reaction of the public to the movie was astounding. The picture was a sellout, one of the big box office hits of all time. In October 1930, the Fortune magazine wrote, "The advent of American talking movies is beyond comparison the fastest and most amazing revolution the whole history of industrial revolutions." Griffith’s failed prediction was only an early sign of his now chronic misguided intuition. From the late 1920s, Griffith's movies were slowly sinking into oblivion. In the glitter of the Jazz Age, his filmmaking was considered hopelessly old-fashioned. His last picture, “The Struggle,” was made in 1931 and played in theaters for merely a week before being withdrawn. On July 23, 1948, Griffith died in a small Los-Angeles hotel virtually forgotten by the industry he helped build.

Humanities

What was the cause of Griffith’s transition from great intuition to misguided intuition? One of the most common causes of misguided intuition, and therefore, the limited success of experts in predicting the future, is the “situation bias.” Experts, like all humans, tend to imagine future technologies as an extension of current technologies. The bias grows stronger when the individual has a vested interest in the current technology and is concerned that the new technology will diminish the popularity of his or her prized, older technology. Griffith was a master of the silent movie. His skill in eliciting powerful reactions from the audience without resorting to spoken dialogue was legendary. This unique skill was the reason for his downfall. It distorted his intuition and prevented him from foreseeing the potential of the human voice in movies.

Should We Believe the Experts? (Part I)

How is this example related to qualitative research? The situation bias is especially strong in manual interpretation of qualitative data. During such interpretation, the analyst shows a strong tendency to look for the familiar. Pat Bentley from Apple emphasizes this point: “When you analyze the respondents’ answers manually you look for repeats, things that sound important either because you heard them before or you’re looking for them yourself; therefore, they make sense to you.”

Do you want to observe your own situational bias? Click here [http://www.computerintuition.com/Question1.htm] and follow the instructions.

Should We Believe the Experts? (Part I)

Mike T. Davis, Ph.D., SCI, Rochester NY We are the inventors of Computer Intuition™, a psycholinguistics based program that analyzes the language that people use to describe themselves and their environment, and “converts what people say into what people do”™. When clients hire our services, they send us their qualitative data. We input the data to the computer, which calculates the psychological intensity, or psytensity, of every idea found in the text. We then isolate the ideas with the highest psytensities, and document them in a report that also includes our "Do this, do that"™ recommendations. Within a week of receiving the data, we present the results to the client. SCI's clients include many Fortune 500 companies, such as Apple Computer, Sears, Allergan Pharmaceuticals, Chrysler, Citibank, IBM, Motorola, Anheuser-Busch, Gannett Newspapers, and Xerox. We also serve many smaller companies and individuals who came to realize that Computer Intuition™ is the only tool for correct analysis of text.

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Ancient Japanese Architecture

As a testament to the quality of ancient Japanese architecture, the oldest surviving wooden structures in the world are located in Nara, Japan.  Of the 41 buildings constructed during the Asuka period (538-710 A.D.) the most well-known are the Kondo (Golden Hall) and Goju-no-to (Five story Pagoda).  These were constructed as a private temple for the Prince Shotoku, a regent and politician in the Asuka period.

Another well known archaeological site from ancient Japan is the Todaiji in Nara prefecture, Japan.  The Todaiji was built to function as the headquarters for regional temples built in surrounding provinces.  The Todaiji's main building is the Daibutsuden (Great Buddha Hall) and is the largest wooden building in the world.  Inside the Daibutsuden a 16.2m tall Buddha is enshrined.  The current statue of the Buddha was built during the Edo period (1603-1868) and only a few fragments of the original remain.

Humanities

Buddhist Pagoda's in ancient Japan all shared similar characteristics.  The wooden walls were thin and vertical.  The structures had multiple stories supported by columns made from cypress trees.  Thatched roofs were common as well as large doors and windows strategically placed for the best viewing of external gardens or other natural scenery.

Ancient Japanese Architecture

Although Buddhism teaches impermanence, Shinto places importance on purity and youth.  For this reason many Shinto shrines in Japan are rebuilt every 20 years, often at great expense, to keep them forever new and also forever ancient in their original form.  The Ise shrine in Mie, Japan was rebuilt in 1993 and is on its 61st iteration.  It is scheduled to be rebuilt in 2013.

The ancient Japanese may not have had access to suitable stone for building, but they were able to build long-lasting structures using wood.  Although many famous castles and other well known historical buildings were destroyed by fire in Japan's history, there are many which are still standing today.

Ancient Japanese Architecture

Alton Trevino lives in Japan and enjoys writing about Japanese history and culture. Please visit the following link to read more about ancient Japan.

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